The Kindle Fire, the Android-based tablet Amazon revealed in late September, could well be the next step in the ongoing metamorphosis of Google’s Linux derivative into a proprietary operating system. Even if Amazon does not lock down its altered Android platform, it clearly has created a major fork in the Linux road.
Modifying Android is nothing new. HTC, Motorola and other phone makers have already established that practice. Android is an open source product within the Linux family. In some cases, it may not look much like Linux. But make no mistake about Android’s lineage.
Android is just as Linuxy as any other Linux distro. But the way Amazon continues to grow the older Android version 2.1 now driving the Kindle Fire into something a lot less FOSS-like could drive a wedge between factions within both the Linux and Android developmental communities.
Whether or not continued fragmentation of Android hurts or helps the growth of the OS remains to be seen. Consumer and enterprise reliance on desktop computing is itself morphing. The race may be on among Linux/Android developers to provide a new OS path for this next phase of mobile e-commerce.
“The fact that we’re talking about the fragmentation of Android means that we are recognizing its success, given how quickly and how far it has spread. The bottom line is that fragmentation is certainly a challenge. But with so many different case uses, the fragmentation is necessary. It’s what the market kind of needs right now,” Jay Lyman, senior analyst for enterprise software at The 451 Group, told LinuxInsider.
Two Peas in a Pod
Often the only difference among different versions of the Linux OS is the user experience (UX). That distinction cements the Android code as an offshoot of the Linux kernel.
“Android’s developers focus on UX, although the Linux kernel and middleware are shared with other forms [of Linux],” Jari Ala-Ruona, CEO of Movial, told LinuxInsider. His company develops device user interfaces.
Linux and Unix are often used interchangeably because of their direct lineage, according to Carl D. Howe, Research Director at The Yankee Group. Unix is a rigidly licensed OS developed by Bell Labs.
“All Linux runs the same kernel. Different distro makers tweak the performance and the interface. But it is all Linux underneath. Android is becoming much the same,” Howe told LinuxInsider.
A Growth Reality
Fragmentation of operating systems is an expected part of the developmental experience. Unix gave birth to Linux. Apple’s OS spurted from Unix. IBM and Microsoft competed with branches of the Disc Operating System (DOS) and eventually opposing Windows platforms. Linux is seeing the same behavior with individual enterprise and consumer distributions. And then came Android.
Linux history has shown its strongest benefit often comes from how easily it integrates with all types of hardware, according to Ala-Ruona. Linux has been used by Red Hat, Oracle, Sun and IBM in the enterprise space and the mobile OS market as a result, he said.
“For the same reason nobody wants to develop a new operating system, but rather focus on the UX (user experience). The OS itself doesn’t add as much value as the UX,” Ala-Ruona said.
Multiple Android Paths
Android is already forking in several directions. For example, Google has been slow to release the newest Android code. That has forced a schism of sorts between makers of Android-based tablets and Android-powered smartphones. The result could be a proprietary, more updated, Android version locked down by Google separate from older public versions of Android.
Amazon’s Kindle Fire interface bears little resemblance to Android’s traditional look and feel. And yet another Android fork may soon appear.
“Intel and Samsung are developing an Android-like distro called ‘Tizen’ due for release next year. This is driven by developer’s needs to have a cleaner licensing path,” Howe said.
One of the reasons for all this fragmentation is the licensing. Product makers have to decide which ones requires royalties and which ones will avoid a potential infringement suit from Microsoft, he explained.
To deal with paying these fees to avoid what Howe called Microsoft’s extortion, consumers could soon see a new fragmentation with a new version of Android not made by Google.
Linux Breeds Fragmentation
The open source properties of Linux make it more flexible for developers. That property has pushed Android along, Howe explained.
“This has been a fragmented market for as long as Unix has existed. The same fragmentation going on now with Android is the best thing that has happened [to Linux]. The debut of Amazon Fire tablet shows that you no longer distinguish a product by saying it runs Android. Today, everybody runs Android. The difference now is what’s the secret sauce,” Howe said.
One key difference in the developmental path that separates pure Linux from Android is the way apps open and run. For example, Linux on the desktop uses X-Windows or other common windows managers. Android uses the Java apps with Google widgets, explained Howe.
Howe likens what others call the fragmentation of Linux and Android to baking a cake. Unix (Linux) is the cake. The recipe for the cake batter is fairly constant.
“All the difference is done to the icing and the decorative embellishments. Not all icings work together,” said Howe.
The Amazon Fork
Let’s extend Howe’s cake analogy one step further. Amazon is baking its Kindle Fire tablet with a left-over Android batter and serving it up with its own style of fork.
“Amazon is doing the same thing starting with Android that Apple did with Unix BSD as the core of the iOS. It appears Amazon’s strategy from now on is to make it a full fork,” Rob Enderle, president and principal analyst for the Enderle Group, told LinuxInsider.
In doing this, Amazon pulled initial code from Google. But from now on it will be a developmental platform for Amazon. That company will no longer look to Google for help and will use the apps already ported, he explained.
“Everything else you will have to get through the Amazon market,” said Enderle.
Is Older Better?
By opting to cobble an older version of Android into the innovative Kindle Fire tablet, Amazon took something old and made it new again. Starting with version 2.1 gave them a fully tested and proven platform.
“It was very stable and thus was easier to adapt to their needs. Honeycomb was just too uncooked. Licensing may also have been a part of the decision,” said Enderle.
The newer Honeycomb version of Android had too many problems in it that Amazon would have had to fix. It made better sense to do what they did, he noted Enderle.
A Big Concern
The fragmentation of Android already is an issue in terms of quality control and maintenance. The best products in Linux are the ones that people take and package and make their own, said Enderle
“This will be unique to Amazon. I would expect Amazon will protect this uniqueness in a number of ways. From the consumers’ perspective, I don’t think they really care about the different versions. From the perspective of those that follow Linux, it is another fragmentation that causes concerns,” he said.
This fragmentation weakens the whole. Enderle sees the fracture as going against the foundation that created the concept behind Linux.
Maybe Not
“It will be a proprietary product that exists in what is supposed to be a non-proprietary environment,” Enderle concluded.
But that might not be the full story. To truly fragment the OS, more competition may be needed. So far, that has not happened.
“If we were talking about a dozen different versions, then we would have a problem. The pain from fragmentation is felt by the developers and the suppliers and even some of the users. However, as we’ve seen with the Linux OS on the server, the existence of different versions serves to meet different use cases,” Lyman concluded.
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Somewhat disappointed with the story.
1. Linux is a from scratch OS that was designed to be multi-user and multi-tasking, but it is NOT derived from any Unix SysV or BSD kernel. The original creation resembled minix if anything, but mainly due to filesystem layout used…. and that layout is similar to what is found on Unix systems.
2. Once obvious choice for a software stack for the Linux kernel was to leverage the Free Software Foundation’s GNU (GNU is Not Unix) project. This may the biggest reason for similarity to Unix as GNU was designed to be from scratch implementations of Unix style programs except being Free and Open Source instead of proprietary.